转自:http://blog.csdn.net/sxingming/article/details/52903377
python模块中的__all__属性,可用于模块导入时限制,如:
from module import *
此时被导入模块若定义了__all__属性,则只有__all__内指定的属性、方法、类可被导入。
若没定义,则导入模块内的所有公有属性,方法和类 。
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- class A():
- def __init__(self,name,age):
- self.name=name
- self.age=age
-
- class B():
- def __init__(self,name,id):
- self.name=name
- self.id=id
-
- def func():
- print 'func() is called!'
- def func1():
- print 'func1() is called!'
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- from kk import *
- a=A('python','24')
- print a.name,a.age
- b=B('python',123456)
- print b.name,b.id
- func()
- func1()
运行结果:
python 24
python 123456
func() is called!
func1() is called!
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- __all__=('A','func')
- class A():
- def __init__(self,name,age):
- self.name=name
- self.age=age
-
- class B():
- def __init__(self,name,id):
- self.name=name
- self.id=id
-
- def func():
- print 'func() is called!'
- def func1():
- print 'func1() is called!'
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- from kk import *
- a=A('python','24')
- print a.name,a.age
- func()
运行结果:
python 24
func() is called!
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- def func():
- print 'func() is called!'
-
- def _func():
- print '_func() is called!'
-
- def __func():
- print '__func() is called!'
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- from kk import *
- func()
运行结果:
func() is called!
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- __all__=('func','__func','_A')
-
- class _A():
- def __init__(self,name):
- self.name=name
-
- def func():
- print 'func() is called!'
-
- def func1():
- print 'func1() is called!'
-
- def _func():
- print '_func() is called!'
-
- def __func():
- print '__func() is called!'
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- from kk import *
- func()
- __func()
- a=_A('python')
- print a.name
运行结果:
func() is called!
__func() is called!
python
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- def func():
- print 'func() is called!'
-
- def _func():
- print '_func() is called!'
-
- def __func():
- print '__func() is called!'
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- from kk import func,_func,__func
- func()
- _func()
- __func()
运行结果:
func() is called!
_func() is called!
__func() is called!
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- def func():
- print 'func() is called!'
-
- def _func():
- print '_func() is called!'
-
- def __func():
- print '__func() is called!'
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- import kk
- kk.func()
- kk._func()
- kk.__func()
运行结果:
func() is called!
_func() is called!
__func() is called!
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- import sys
-
- __all__ = ["func"]
-
- def func():
- print 'func() is called!'
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- from kk import *
-
- func()
运行结果:
func() is called!
如果一个模块需要暴露的接口改动频繁,__all__ 可以这样定义:
__all__ = [
"foo",
"bar",
"egg",
]
最后多出来的逗号在 Python 中是允许的,也是符合 PEP8 风格的。
模块中不使用__all__属性,则导入模块内的所有公有属性,方法和类 。
模块中使用__all__属性,则表示只导入__all__中指定的属性,因此,使用__all__可以隐藏不想被import的默认值。
__all__变量是一个由string元素组成的list变量。
它定义了当我们使用 from <module> import * 导入某个模块的时候能导出的符号(这里代表变量,函数,类等)。
from <module> import * 默认的行为是从给定的命名空间导出所有的符号(当然下划线开头的变量,方法和类除外)。
需要注意的是 __all__ 只影响到了 from <module> import * 这种导入方式,
对于 from <module> import <member> 导入方式并没有影响,仍然可以从外部导入。
(完)